The Pilgrims set ground at Plymouth Rock on December
11, 1620. Their first winter was devastating. At the beginning of the following
fall, they had lost 46 of the original 102 who sailed on the Mayflower.
But the harvest of 1621 was a bountiful one. And the remaining colonists
decided to celebrate with a feast -- including 91 Indians who had helped
the Pilgrims survive their first year. The feast lasted three days.
Governor William Bradford sent "four men fowling"
after wild ducks and geese. It is not certain that wild turkey was part
of their feast. However, it is certain that they had venison. The term "turkey"
was used by the Pilgrims to mean any sort of wild fowl.
Another modern staple at almost every Thanksgiving table
is pumpkin pie. But it is unlikely that the first feast included that treat.
The supply of flour had been long diminished, so there was no bread or pastries
of any kind. However, they did eat boiled pumpkin, and
they produced a type of fried bread from their corn crop. There was also
no milk, cheese, cider, or butter. But the feast did include fish, berries,
watercress, lobster, dried fruit, clams, venison, and plums.
This first "thanksgiving" feast was not repeated
the following year. In fact, it wasn't until June of 1676 that another Day
of Thanksgiving was proclaimed.
On June 20, 1676, the governing council of Charlestown,
Massachusetts, held a meeting to determine how best to express thanks for
the good fortune that had seen their community securely established. By
unamimous vote they instructed Edward Rawson, the clerk, to proclaim June
29 as a day of thanksgiving.
October of 1777 marked the first time that all 13 colonies
joined in a thanksgiving celebration. It also commemorated the patriotic
victory over the British at Saratoga. But it was a one-time affair.
George Washington wanted to prolcaim a National Day of
Thanksgiving in 1789, but discord among the colonies prevented it. Many
felt the hardships of a few Pilgrims did not warrant a national holiday.
And later, President Thomas Jefferson scoffed at the idea of having a day
of thanksgiving.
It was Sarah Josepha Hale, a magazine editor, whose efforts
eventually led to what we recognize as Thanksgiving. Hale wrote many editorials
championing her cause in her Boston Ladies' Magazine, and later, in Godey's
Lady's Book. Finally, after a 40-year campaign of writing editorials and
letters to governors and presidents, Hale's obsession became a reality when,
in 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed the last Thursday in November as a
national day of Thanksgiving.
Since then, the date was changed only once, by Franklin
Roosevelt, who set it up one week to the third Thursday in order to create
a longer Christmas shopping season. Public uproar against this decision
caused the president to move Thanksgiving back to its original date two
years later.
Throughout the United States and Canada Thanksgiving Day
is an annual legal holiday. It is
celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in the United States and on
the second Monday in October in Canada. There are also Thanksgiving holidays
celebrated every year in Japan, South Korea, the Philippines, Laos, Liberia,
Puerto Rico, Guam, Grenada, and the Virgin Islands. |